Introduction: Optical aberrations are imperfections of an optical system that produce defective images and prevent the reproduction of a clear and exact copy of the fixation object. Objective: Synthesize the available evidence on changes in post cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation and previous refractive surgery. Methodology: an exploratory literature review of observational studies was carried out in order to identify, characterize and summarize the available evidence on the prevalence of changes in the cornea after cataract surgery with intraocular implant and previous refractive surgery. Results: 9 studies were selected that added a total of 402 users intervening 608 eyes, that is, an average of 1.51 eyes per patient, the average age was 51 ± 19.4 years, with a higher frequency of women, use of standard intraocular lens, acri.smart and colamer, phacoemulsification surgery and micro incision (MICS), finding greater change in third order aberrations especially trefoil. Conclusion: the results of the body of evidence showed that a surgery with an incision equal to or less than 2.0 mm induces slight changes in the aberration of the total cornea and better optical results in the patient, including shorter recovery time and patient satisfaction. In addition, the location of the incision plays an important role in the change of corneal aberrations.

Introducción: Las aberraciones ópticas son imperfecciones de un sistema óptico que producen imágenes defectuosas e impiden reproducir una copia clara y exacta del objeto de fijación. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre los cambios en la post cirugía de catarata con implante de lente intraocular y cirugía refractiva previa. Metodología: se realizó una revisión exploratoria de literatura de estudios observacionales, con el fin de identificar, caracterizar y resumir la evidencia disponible sobre la prevalencia de cambios en la córnea post cirugía de catarata con implante intraocular y cirugía refractiva previa. Resultados: fueron seleccionados 9 estudios que sumaron un total de 402 usuarios interviniendo 608 ojos, es decir una media de 1,51 ojos por paciente, el promedio de edad fue de 51 ± 19,4 años, con mayor frecuencia de mujeres, uso de lente intraocular estándar, acri.smart y colamer, cirugía por facoemulsificación y la micro incisión (MICS), encontrando mayor cambio en las aberraciones de tercer orden especialmente la trefoil. Conclusión: los resultados del cuerpo de la evidencia mostraron que una cirugía con una incisión igual o menor a los 2.0 mm induce a cambios leves en la aberración de la córnea total y mejores resultados ópticos en el paciente incluyendo menor tiempo de recuperación y satisfacción del paciente, además la ubicación de la incisión juega un papel importante en el cambio de las aberraciones corneales.

Resumen Introducción: La insuficiencia cardiaca es un estado fisiopatológico y clínico en el cual el corazón es incapaz de aportar sangre de acuerdo con los requerimientos metabólicos periféricos, repercutiendo directamente sobre la capacidad aeróbica. La rehabilitación cardiaca durante 12 semanas tiene beneficios claros principalmente sobre la capacidad aeróbica, pero son pocos los estudios que detallan dichos cambios en el transcurso del proceso de intervención. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios en la capacidad aeróbica y algunas variables fisiológicas en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, a las 6 y 12 semanas de su rehabilitación cardiaca. Método: Estudio de tipo descriptivo longitudinal. La muestra se constituyó por 23 pacientes vinculados a un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca, donde realizaron prueba de esfuerzo en tres momentos (inicio y semanas 6 y 12). Las variables cuantitativas se compararon en tres momentos utilizando la prueba de medidas repetidas hasta tres colas, teniendo en cuenta la homogeneidad y la igualdad de varianzas. La significación estadística fue de 0.05. Resultados: El consumo de oxígeno mostró un aumento de 3,6 ml/kg/min durante la rehabilitación, encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los tres momentos de medición, pero se evidenció un mayor incremento entre las semanas 1 y 6 (p = 0.00), cuando se registró un cambio de 2,2 ml/kg/min. La medición de la presión arterial sistólica/diastólica inicial y final mostró una disminución (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: En pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, el consumo de oxígeno obtuvo un incremento progresivo a lo largo de las 12 semanas de rehabilitación cardiaca, observándose su mayor incremento en las primeras 6 semanas de intervención.

Abstract Introduction: Heart failure is a pathological and clinical state in which the heart is unable to provide blood according to peripheral metabolic requirements having a direct impact on aerobic capacity. Cardiac rehabilitation for 12 weeks has clear benefits mainly on aerobic capacity, but few studies detail such changes over the course of the intervention process. Objective: To determine changes in aerobic capacity and some physiological variables in patients with cardiac insufficiency, at 6 and 12 weeks after cardiac rehabilitation. Method: Longitudinal descriptive type study. The sample was made up of 23 patients linked to a cardiac rehabilitation program, where they performed stress testing at three times (start, weeks 6 and 12). Quantitative variables were compared in 3 moments using the repeated measurement test up to 3 tails, taking into account the homogeneity and equality of variances. The statistical significance was 0.05. Results: Oxygen consumption showed an increase of 3.6 ml/kg/min during rehabilitation, finding statistically significant differences in the three measurement moments but there was a greater increase between week 1 and 6 (p = 0.00) where a change of 2.2 ml/kg/min was recorded. Measurement of initial and final systolic/diastolic blood pressure showed a decrease (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In patients with heart failure, oxygen consumption achieved a progressive increase over 12 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation, with its largest increase seen in the first 6 weeks of intervention.

Bonito, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, é atualmente um importante destino de ecoturismo no Brasil e o seu principal desafio tem sido o de acomodar e ajustar de forma sustentável a crescente procura de turistas sem comprometer a sua integridade ecológica. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em avaliar o impacto do ecoturismo na ictiofauna do rio Sucuri localizado em Bonito, através da utilização integrada de critérios ecológicos, comportamentais e fisiológicos e utilizando as espécies de peixes Crenicichla lepidota e Moenkhausia bonita como indicadores. Para tal foram determinadas duas áreas distintas de amostragens no rio: (1) local onde ocorrem visitas turísticas diárias (Tourism) e (2) local sem qualquer tipo de impacto humano (No Tourism). O método de censos visuais por pontos fixos foi utilizado para determinar variações nos parâmetros ecológicos e os métodos "ad libitum" e animal focal foram utilizados para coletar dados comportamentais para as duas espécies em estudo. A resposta fisiológica à presença de turistas foi testada em M. bonita através da determinação de cortisol na água por um método não-invasivo de captura, transporte e confinamento. Os resultados obtidos indicam que no local exposto ao turismo há um aumento significativo da riqueza específica, densidade e diversidade de espécies. No entanto, a nível comportamental C. lepidota apresenta mudanças significativas de comportamento alimentar, agonístico, de fuga e guarda do ninho entre os dois locais. Moenkhausia bonitaapresenta mudanças significativas não só a nível do seu comportamento alimentar e de fuga, mas também apresenta níveis de cortisol significativamente superiores no local com turismo. Contrariamente aos dados ecológicos, os resultados comportamentais e fisiológicos poderão ser interpretados numa primeira análise como impactos negativos do ecoturismo que surgem em antecipação a mudanças significativas na estrutura e composição das comunidades.

Bonito, in Mato Grosso do Sul State, is an important destination for ecotourism in Brazil and the main challenge of sustainable ecotourism here has been to accommodate and adjust the increase of tourism without compromising the ecological integrity of the local ecosystems. In this study we aimed to assess the environmental impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Sucuri River in Bonito by integrating ecological, behaviour and physiological criteria and using the fish species Crenicichla lepidota and Moenkhausia bonita as indicators. Two distinct sites were defined to collect data: (1) affected daily by ecotourism (Tourism) and (2) undisturbed (No Tourism). The "stationary point count" method was performed to assess variations in ecological parameters and "ad libitum" and focal animal methods were used to collect behaviour data. The cortisol response of M. bonita to a stress protocol was measured from holding-water. Results showed a significantly increase in species richness, density and diversity at the Tourism site. Nevertheless, behaviour patterns indicated a higher stress at the Tourism site for both species as well higher cortisol levels for M. bonita. In opposition to the ecological measures, the behaviour and physiological ones may be interpreted as an early sign of negative impact caused by ecotourism, prior to changes at community level.